TEXT 8

Devanagari

तमस्त्वज्ञानजं विद्धि मोहनं सर्वदेहिनाम् ।
प्रमादालस्यनिद्राभिस्तन्निबध्‍नाति भारत ॥ ८ ॥

Text

Tekst

tamas tv ajñāna-jaṁ viddhi
mohanaṁ sarva-dehinām
pramādālasya-nidrābhis
tan nibadhnāti bhārata

Synonyms

tamaḥ — the mode of ignorance; tu — but; ajñāna-jam — produced of ignorance; viddhi — know; mohanam — the delusion; sarva-dehinām — of all embodied beings; pramāda — with madness; ālasya — indolence; nidrābhiḥ — and sleep; tat — that; nibadhnāti — binds; bhārata — O son of Bharata.

tamaḥ — teadmatuse guṇa; tu — aga; ajñāna-jam — teadmatusest sündinud; viddhi — tea; mohanam — eksitaja; sarva-dehinām — kõikide kehastunud olendite; pramāda — hullumeelsusega; ālasya — laiskusega; nidrābhiḥ — ja unega; tat — see; nibadhnāti — seob; bhārata — oo, Bharata poeg.

Translation

O son of Bharata, know that the mode of darkness, born of ignorance, is the delusion of all embodied living entities. The results of this mode are madness, indolence and sleep, which bind the conditioned soul.

Oo, Bharata poeg, tea, et teadmatusest sündinud pimeduse guṇa eksitab kõiki elusolendeid. See guṇa tekitab hullumeelsust, laiskust ja unisust, mis kõik seovad tingimustest sõltuvat hinge.

Purport

In this verse the specific application of the word tu is very significant. This means that the mode of ignorance is a very peculiar qualification of the embodied soul. The mode of ignorance is just the opposite of the mode of goodness. In the mode of goodness, by development of knowledge, one can understand what is what, but the mode of ignorance is just the opposite. Everyone under the spell of the mode of ignorance becomes mad, and a madman cannot understand what is what. Instead of making advancement, one becomes degraded. The definition of the mode of ignorance is stated in the Vedic literature. Vastu-yāthātmya-jñānāvarakaṁ viparyaya-jñāna-janakaṁ tamaḥ: under the spell of ignorance, one cannot understand a thing as it is. For example, everyone can see that his grandfather has died and therefore he will also die; man is mortal. The children that he conceives will also die. So death is sure. Still, people are madly accumulating money and working very hard all day and night, not caring for the eternal spirit. This is madness. In their madness, they are very reluctant to make advancement in spiritual understanding. Such people are very lazy. When they are invited to associate for spiritual understanding, they are not much interested. They are not even active like the man who is controlled by the mode of passion. Thus another symptom of one embedded in the mode of ignorance is that he sleeps more than is required. Six hours of sleep is sufficient, but a man in the mode of ignorance sleeps at least ten or twelve hours a day. Such a man appears to be always dejected and is addicted to intoxicants and sleeping. These are the symptoms of a person conditioned by the mode of ignorance.

Selles värsis on eriti tähelepanuväärselt kasutatud sõna tu. Sellega on viidatud tõsiasjale, et teadmatuse guṇa on kehastunud hingele eriti omane. Teadmatuse guṇa on täielik vastand vooruse guṇale. Vooruse guṇa mõju all viibides võib inimene teadmisi arendades mõista, mis on mis, kuid teadmatuse guṇa mõjub otse vastupidiselt. Kõik teadmatuse guṇa mõju all viibivad inimesed muutuvad hulluks ning hull ei suuda mõista, mis on mis. Teadmatuse guṇa mõju all inimene arenemise asemel hoopis degradeerub. Vedakirjanduses antakse meile järgmine teadmatuse guṇa määratlus: vastu yāthātmya-jñānāvarakaṁ viparyaya-jñāna-janakaṁ tamaḥ. „Teadmatuse mõjuvallas ei suuda inimene mõista asju nii nagu need on." Näiteks on igaüks näinud, et tema vanaisa suri, ning järelikult peab ka tema kord surema, sest inimene on surelik. Ka tema sigitatud lapsed peavad kord surema. Surma eest pole kellelgi pääsu. Aga ikkagi ajavad inimesed kui hullud taga raha, tehes selle nimel tööd nii ööd kui päevad, jättes igavese hinge täiesti unarusse. See on hullumeelsus. Vaimne arenemine on neile nende hullumeelsuses läbinisti vastumeelne. Sellised inimesed on ka väga laisad. Kui neile pakutakse võimalust viibida vaimset mõistmist arendavas seltskonnas, ei tunne nad selle vastu mingit huvi. Erinevalt kire guṇas viibivatest inimestest ei ole nad isegi mitte aktiivsed. Teadmatuse guṇa mõju all viibiva inimese tunnuseks on ka see, et ta magab rohkem kui oleks tegelikult vaja. Kuuetunnisest unest inimesele piisab, kuid teadmatuse guṇa mõjuvallas olev inimene magab vähemalt kümme või kaksteist tundi ööpäevas. Selline inimene on tihti masendunud ning omab kalduvusi tarvitada uimastavaid aineid ja kaua magada. Sellised on teadmatuse guṇa poolt tingimustest sõltuvusse viidud inimese tunnused.